1.1 biodegradable plastics

生物可降解塑料是指在自然界如土壤/沙土等條件下，或特定條件下如堆肥、厭氧消化、水性培養(yǎng)液中，在自然界存在的微生物作用下引起降解，并更終完全降解變成二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、水（H2O）及所含元素的礦化無(wú)機(jī)鹽及新的生物質(zhì)的塑料。根據(jù)GB/T20197《降解塑料的定義、分類(lèi)、標(biāo)志和降解性要求》的技術(shù)要求，生物分解（降解）塑料的生物分解率必須大于60%。

Biodegradable plastics refer to plastics that degrade under the action of microorganisms in nature under natural conditions such as soil / sandy soil, or under specific conditions such as composting, anaerobic digestion and aqueous culture medium, and finally completely degrade into carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water (H2O), mineralized inorganic salts of contained elements and new biomass. According to the technical requirements of GB / t20197 definition, classification, marking and degradability requirements of degradable plastics, the biodegradation rate of biodegradable (degradable) plastics must be greater than 60%.

1.2可堆肥降解塑料

1.2 compostable degradable plastics

可堆肥降解塑料在可堆肥化條件下，由于生物反應(yīng)過(guò)程，可被降解和崩解，并更終完全分解成二氧化碳（CO2）、水（H2O）及其所含元素的礦化無(wú)機(jī)鹽以及新的生物質(zhì)，并且形成的堆肥的重金屬含量、毒性試驗(yàn)、殘留碎片等應(yīng)符合相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定。生物分解（降解）塑料的生物分解率也必須大于60%。

Under compostable conditions, compostable degradable plastics can be degraded and disintegrated due to biological reaction process, and finally completely decomposed into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), mineralized inorganic salts of its elements and new biomass. The heavy metal content, toxicity test and residual fragments of the final compost shall comply with relevant standards. The biodegradation rate of biodegradable plastics must also be greater than 60%.

從定義可以看出，上述兩種材料的降解原理基本相同，主要通過(guò)微生物作用引起的塑料降解，材料分解成小分子物質(zhì)和新的生物質(zhì)。上述兩種材料在下文簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“生物可降解塑料”。

It can be seen from the definition that the degradation principles of the above two materials are basically the same, mainly through the plastic degradation caused by microbial action, and the materials are decomposed into small molecular substances and new biomass. The above two materials are hereinafter referred to as "biodegradable plastics".

從目前市場(chǎng)上銷(xiāo)售的餐具產(chǎn)品看，其主要的材料成分有：可生物降解材料和非降解材料制成的混合塑料，如聚乳酸+聚丙烯、聚乳酸+密胺等；標(biāo)稱(chēng)可全生物降解的混合物，如聚乳酸+淀粉（玉米、木薯）、聚乳酸+竹粉、聚乳酸+稻殼等；標(biāo)稱(chēng)可生物降解的含有生物質(zhì)的塑料，如聚丙烯+淀粉、聚丙烯+稻殼纖維等。

From the tableware products sold on the market at present, the main material components are: mixed plastics made of biodegradable materials and non degradable materials, such as polylactic acid + polypropylene, polylactic acid + melamine, etc; Nominal fully biodegradable mixture, such as polylactic acid + starch (corn, cassava), polylactic acid + bamboo powder, polylactic acid + rice husk, etc; Nominal biodegradable plastics containing biomass, such as polypropylene + starch, polypropylene + rice husk fiber, etc.

產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書(shū)標(biāo)注不一。有標(biāo)識(shí)標(biāo)注可使用微波，有標(biāo)識(shí)標(biāo)注不可使用微波；有標(biāo)識(shí)注明餐具使用溫度，有標(biāo)識(shí)不注明使用溫度；個(gè)別標(biāo)識(shí)標(biāo)注遷移量，如在正己烷、4%乙酸、水在70℃2h條件下的遷移量，絕大多數(shù)則不標(biāo)注遷移條件和遷移量。

There are different marks in the product manual. Microwave can be used if there are signs, and microwave cannot be used if there are signs; The maximum temperature of tableware is marked, and the temperature is not marked; Individual labels indicate the migration amount, such as the migration amount of n-hexane, 4% acetic acid and water at 70 ℃ for 2h, while most do not indicate the migration conditions and migration amount.

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